PTEN and hepatocellular carcinoma: The p53 and Rb1 pathways are often disturbed in HCC, and somatic mutations in TP53 has been reported with the rate of 14–35% worldwide depending on the level of aflatoxin exposure [23,24].The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is also commonly disrupted, sometimes due to abnormal inactivation of tyrosine kinase receptors or as a result of constitutive activation of PI3K following loss of function of the tumor-suppressor gene PTEN [25].