TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis: Although the mechanisms for suppressing hepatic fibrosis by vaccination against TGF-β1 and by the direct injection of anti–TGF-β1 Abs are similar, the advantages of active immunization over Ab injection are obvious: the preparation of vaccines are simpler and less expensive than specific Abs, the application of vaccines are convenient, and the production of anti–TGF-β1 Abs after vaccination is constant and long-lasting, avoiding the fluctuation of the Ab concentrations in the circulation when intermittently injected.