The reduction of atherosclerosis in mice treated with these peptides was associated with an increased collagen content: 4-fold for the combined Cpn- peptide-immunized mice versus control mice (24.4±1.2% versus 5.9±0.5%; P<0.001), 3-fold for the MOMP peptide-immunized mice (19.4±1.3% versus 5.9±0.5%; P<0.001), and 3-fold for the Omp5 peptide-immunized mice (18.9±1.5% versus 5.9±0.5%; P<0.00) (Figures S2A and B), respectively. Here, CPN1 is linked to atherosclerosis.