Starting from 24 h post invasion, infected hepatoma cells were examined by IFA using antibodies against the PVM protein EXP1, the soluble PV protein PbSERA3 (a late liver stage marker expressed from cytomere stage onwards that is eventually released into the host cell cytosol; [11]), and the plasma membrane protein MSP1 (present from cytomere stage onwards and involved in the formation of hepatic merozoites [30]). The gene discussed is XPO1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.