Interestingly, three of the inflammatory molecules increased by leukocytospermia were found also significantly increased in the semen of macaques during the primary infection (10–14 dpi): IP-10, RANTES and IL-8 (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.01, 0.0007 and 0.0027 respectively; Fig. 2 F). This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and infection.