HMGB1 and infection: To evaluate the role of HMGB1, RAGE and TLR4 in the severity of lung pathology, we analyzed pulmonary inflammation and injury in lung-tissue slides obtained from anti-HMGB1 treated, rage−/− and tlr4−/− mice and their respective control animals at 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after infection with S. aureus (Figures 2 and3).