Moreover, MM cells stimulate BMSC production and release of RANKL and other cytokines, such as MIP-1α, VEGF, TNFα, MCP-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1, IL-3, and IL-7, into the bone marrow microenvironment, and in turn these cytokines enhance OC differentiation and activity in a RANKL-dependent or -independent manner[34-36]. The gene discussed is CXCL12; the disease is Miyoshi myopathy.