Through an extensive series of in vitro studies, employing differential engineered expression of MAP2K4 and associated use of small molecule inhibitors, we have demonstrated that MAP2K4 increases the expression of MMP-2 and cell invasion in human PCa cells, and that it does so by activating the p38 MAPK pathway (Figure 1B) [3], [13]–[15]. This evidence concerns the gene MMP2 and posterior cortical atrophy.