Of note, the levels of IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-17, MIP-1β, fractalkine, CRP, and VEGF in saliva and those of IL-2, IL-6, SAA, and SAP in serum were significantly different or showed trends (P ≤ 0.009) between the TB cases and individuals without active TB disease. Here, IL9 is linked to tuberculosis.