Men who carry a mutation in these genes are at increased risk of prostate cancer [5-7] Extensive population screenings for prostate cancer are of limited cost-effectiveness, however if they are addressed to high risk groups of patients only, the cost-effectiveness seem to be satisfactory, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers may benefit from cancer surveillance using PSA and rectal examination. The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is Familial prostate cancer.