CP and chronic kidney disease: The pathophysiological hypotheses raised by these in vitro findings have been reinforced by the recent publication of the results of three clinical studies (i) demonstrating a relationship between plasma CP concentrations and both mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis [23] and adverse outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure [24], and (ii) showing that carbamylated albumin is a potentially modifiable risk factor in CKD patients [25].