VEGFA and cancer: The release of PGE2, which is a proinflammatory factor, can induce increases in the expression of VEGF, MMP, multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in the surrounding cancer cells, resulting in an improved vascularization of the cancer tissue and a reduced rate of apoptosis as well as an enhanced rate of metastasis and drug resistance in the cancer cell population [39].