TNF and Insulin resistance: Since this breakthrough, the research on insulin resistance (particularly its molecular mechanism) is still progressing, mainly with regard to fatty acids, adipocytokines like tumour necrosis factor  (TNFα), peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ (PPARγ), and serine kinases like c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and the inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase β (IKKβ).