For instance in rats with monocrotaline-induced right ventricular failure (Chen et al., 2001), in diabetes type-2 rats (Darmellah et al., 2007) and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) (Cingolani et al., 2003; Ennis et al., 2007) with heart failure, and in pressure and volume (Baartscheer et al., 2003; van Borren et al., 2006) and rapid pacing (Aker et al., 2004) induced rabbit models of heart failure NHE-1 activity is markedly enhanced. This evidence concerns the gene SLC9A1 and heart failure.