TGFB1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In fact, in our muscle cell models of ALS we observed specific alterations in the expression of typical genes controlling muscle pathways activated by nerve injury, or muscular atrophy [e.g., MyoD, myogenin (two myogenic regulatory factors), and TGFbeta1, which are markers for muscle fiber damage or atrophy] (Galbiati et al., 2012).