Loss of Inhibitory Cells of Cajal (ICC) has also been reported in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (Ordog et al., 2000; He et al., 2001; Iwasaki et al., 2006; Forrest et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2009; Grover et al., 2011) suggesting this may be another important means by which persistant hyperglycemia dysregulates GI motility although reduced levels of insulin and insulin signaling, rather than hyperglycemia per se, has also been shown to be involved in ICC depletion (Horvath et al., 2005). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.