TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: The accumulated data from 10 individual mice from each group, which are shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b), indicated a significant increase (*P < 0.05) in the plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in the live malaria-infected group compared with the lupus noninfected group, whereas the levels of both cytokines in the gamma-irradiated malaria-infected group were similar to those of the lupus group, illustrating that a viable parasite is essential for the observed malaria-ameliorating effect.