Although previously we demonstrated that a combination of rVV-CTB::GAD and recombinant VV expressing the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 was effective in preventing the onset of T1D onset in NOD mice [10], we have not observed a significant increase in the synthesis of immunosuppressive IL-10 and IL-4 in any treatment groups of animals, as compared to PBS control. Here, IL4 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.