On the other hand, Smad7 is over-expressed and limits TGF-β-mediated anti-inflammatory signals during inflammation of the central nervous system [31], in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, as well as in Helicobacter-pylori-related gastritis [32,33]. The gene discussed is SMAD7; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.