Epidemiological links of hypospadias and cryptorchidism withreduced fertility (Skakkebaek et al. 2001), and theobservations of reduced insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) (Bay et al.2007) and increased gonadotropin levels (Suomi et al.2006) in cryptorchid boys compared with healthy boys supports an associated testiculardysfunction in these disorders. Here, INSL3 is linked to hypospadias.