Epidemiological links of hypospadias and cryptorchidism withreduced fertility (Skakkebaek et al. 2001), and theobservations of reduced insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) (Bay et al.2007) and increased gonadotropin levels (Suomi et al.2006) in cryptorchid boys compared with healthy boys supports an associated testiculardysfunction in these disorders. This evidence concerns the gene INSL3 and cryptorchidism.