mRNA expression of Hif1α, Hif2α, Adm and LdhA were all significantly elevated in both FGR cohorts (that is, FGR with concurrent preeclampsia, and FGR without preeclampsia; see Additional file 1: Figure S3) compared to gestationally-matched controls (healthy pregnancies that progressed to delivery at term of an infant with a normal birth weight). This evidence concerns the gene EPAS1 and preeclampsia.