Associations between VCAM-1 levels and 2-day average black carbon (BC) exposures have also been reported [49], as well as between longer BC exposure averages (4–12 weeks) and ICAM-1 [21], and lastly 1–2 day lagged associations between EC and ICAM-1 in coronary heart disease patients [16]. Here, ICAM1 is linked to coronary artery disorder.