Finally, rodent models have demonstrated that following infection, alcohol significantly decreased both phagocytic activity and production of the signaling molecule granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in a TNFα-dependent manner (Bagby et al. 1998) as well as blocked differentiation or maturation of granulocytes (i.e., granulopoiesis) (Zhang et al. 2009). The gene discussed is CSF3; the disease is infection.