This coincided with lower serum HRV IgA antibody titers and duodenal IgA ASC post-challenge in the vaccinated VAD groups compared to the vaccinated VAS groups, suggesting that subclinical vitamin A deficiency may affect generation of anamnestic immune responses to virulent HRV infection in vaccinated children and result in reduced efficacy of current RV vaccines. Here, CD79A is linked to vitamin A deficiency.