Interestingly at 10 DPI, the IL-1β treatments elevated the histology scores of WT mice (P<0.001); in comparison, IL-1β treatments mildly reduced the damage in Nlrp3−/− mice (P<0.05) compared to treated WT mice, in keeping with the protective effects this treatment had on colonization and integrity at later stages of infection. Here, IL1B is linked to infection.