While the IL-1β treatments did not significantly affect cytokine levels compared to non-treated infection groups, IL-1β treatment of WT, compared to Nlrp3−/− mice elevated plasma cytokine levels of IL-1β at 6 DPI, and IL-6, IL-12p70, KC/gro, and IFN-γ at 10 DPI, suggestive of macrophage stimulation of the immune system. The gene discussed is CXCL1; the disease is infection.