SMAD2 and cancer: Some signaling pathways, such as notch (Battacharya et al., 2007), CXCL12-CXCR4 (Katoh and Katoh, 2010), Oct4-TCL1-AKT (Wang et al., 2010), PTEN/P13K/Akt (Li et al., 2011), β-catenin/Tcf (Usongo and Farookhi, 2012), AhR (Dubrovska et al., 2012), and HIF-2α with TGF-β/Smad2 (Cui et al., 2013) are related to the ABCG2 status as a marker of stem cells or stem-like cancer cells.