Furthermore, since the metabolic switch from a mitochondria-based energy release to fermentation inhibits apoptosis induction (via reducing cytochrome c) and radical induction, elimination of tumor cells by apoptosis and radical inducing therapies (e.g. chemotherapy, radiation, respectively) is suppressed by TKTL1 metabolism [7,15,19,24,46]. Here, TKTL1 is linked to neoplasm.