In agreement with this observation immune recognition of blood-stage antigens has been reported in a blood-stage challenge model, accompanied by a reduction in peripheral blood lymphocytes.67 In contrast, control volunteers lacking pre-existing malaria-specific T cells showed lower levels of serum IFN-γ, similar to those previously reported in other studies,68,69 and therefore less marked migration of CXCR3+ B cells away from the periphery. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and malaria.