Overall, all vaccinated volunteers (bar one co-immunized with MSP1 and AMA1) developed blood-stage infection, and there was no measurable impact of the vaccines on blood-stage parasite multiplication rates.30 However, these studies provided a unique opportunity to assess the possible effects of CHMI on B cells in both vaccinated individuals as well as non-immunized infectivity control volunteers. Here, ATAD1 is linked to infection.