AKT1 and lipodystrophy: Therefore, the reduced nonoxidative glucose disposal in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy is believed to reflect impaired glycogen synthesis (Andersen et al. 2003; Haugaard et al. 2005), and molecular defects at the level of glycogen synthase (GS), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3, and Akt have been demonstrated in skeletal muscle of patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy (Haugaard et al. 2005).