In the hippocampus, on the other hand, IL-1β enhances both calcium signaling and excitatory postsynaptic currents through phosphorylation of NMDARs , which consists of glutamate-gated ion channels, via IL-1R; these pathways affect neuronal functions in neurodegenerative diseases [36–38] . Here, IL1R1 is linked to neurodegenerative disease.