APOE and pulmonary emphysema: The aim of this study was therefore to assess whether emphysema per se, or with concomitant pulmonary inflammation, enhances atherosclerosis development in hyperlipidemic, atherosclerosis-prone APOE*3-Leiden (E3L) mice, which represent a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism, inflammation, and atherosclerosis development [17].