VDR and renal carcinoma: Most studies on the VDR gene polymorphisms association with breast and renal cancers have focused on seven types of polymorphisms: Fok1 polymorphism in exon II (37), Bsm1 (38) and Apa1 (39) in intron VIII, Cdx2 (40) in exon I, Taq1 (41) in exon IX, Tru91 (42) in intron VIII, and the poly(A) (43) mono-nucleotide repeat in the 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) section of the gene.