EPO is important for neuro-23 and cardioprotection24, while the functionality of EPO-EPOR signaling in cancer settings questions the suitability of its usage for the treatment of cancer or chemotherapy-related anemia.25 EPOR activation is considered to influence cancer cell growth in terms of stimulated proliferation, prevention of apoptosis and increased resistance to therapy. Here, EPOR is linked to anemia (phenotype).