TRPV1 and osteoarthritis: With respect to pain, the expression of TRPV1 channels are upregulated in preclinical models of inflammation [7,8], as well as clinical inflammatory conditions, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis [9], inflammatory bowel disease [10,11], gastro-esophageal reflux disease [12,13], chronic pelvic pain [14], and chronic cough [15,16].