Patients with LsPe AF had significantly higher baseline ANP levels, as compared to the patients with Pa and Pe AF (mean 9.22 ± 4.0 vs 6.4 ± 2.7 nmol/l, p = 0.01) and to the SR control group (mean 9.22 ± 4.0 vs 5.04 ± 3.6 nmol/l, p < 0.001). Here, NPPA is linked to atrial fibrillation.