HLA-DQB1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Miao et al. observed marked variations in H3K9-acetylation (H3K9Ac)—that is associated with promoters and active genes—levels at the upstream regions of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 in T1DM monocytes and also demonstrated increased expression of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 on monocytes in response to interferon and TNF treatment that were accompanied by changes in H3K9Ac at the same promoter regions as those seen in the patients' cells.