VCAM1 and posterior cortical atrophy: In a recent study of 423 consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized PCa, pre-operative plasma levels of Endoglin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-6 soluble receptor (IL-6sR), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), urokinase plasminogen inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), urokinase plasminogen receptor (uPAR), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), and VEGF were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassays.