Although upregulation of PCA3 was first described in PCa specimens in 1999 [87], it was another 10 years before the complete structure of the gene was resolved [94] with description of new start sites, additional exons and a range of novel alternatively-spliced transcripts (Figure 2), some of which are more highly enriched in PCa and metastases, expression not normally being seen outside the prostate. The gene discussed is PCA3; the disease is posterior cortical atrophy.