TNF and melanoma: For instance, interaction between murine B16 melanoma (B16M; widely used as an experimental model to study the metastatic process) and the hepatic sinusoidal endothelium (HSE) involves mannose receptor–mediated melanoma cell attachment to the HSE, which subsequently causes proinflammatory cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18), and the VCAM-1–dependent adherence (reinforcing or ‘‘locking’’ the initial intercellular binding) [105].