VEGFA and neoplasm: These cytokines have been found to be abundant in microenvironment of several tumours including cervical cancer where they are secreted by the tumour cells, endothelial cells, and/or infiltrating activated immune cells where they act as endogenous tumour promoter by stimulating the production of transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, AP-1), proliferative and angiogenic proteins (e.g., VEGF, MMP), and adhesion molecules (e.g., E-selectin, VCAM), thus enhancing tumour growth and mediating tumour metastasis [78].