Several attempts to develop a dual PPAR agonist for diabetes have so far failed because of various safety concerns: ragaglitazar, MK-0767, and naveglitazar were found to be associated with an increased incidence of bladder cancer and hyperplasia in rodent studies and tesaglitazar development was discontinued because of indications that it may cause kidney dysfunction. The gene discussed is PPARA; the disease is urinary bladder carcinoma.