CXCL1 and neoplasm: However, the use of anti-CXCL8 antibodies does not account for the redundant nature of CXC-chemokine signaling, wherein targeting the CXCL8 ligand alone would fail to inhibit the activity of the other CXC-chemokines such as CXCL1, CXCL5 or CXCL6 which are capable of activating the CXCR2 receptor, and which there is evidence may also be up-regulated within the tumor microenvironment [138,139,140].