Moreover, we have demonstrated an increase in the expression levels and an altered distribution of CXCL8 and its two receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, in prostate biopsy tissue; the altered distribution was consistent with prostate cancer cells being subject to an increased autocrine stimulus, and the intensity of expression was observed to increase from high grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (PIN) through to castrate-resistant prostate cancer [46]. Here, CXCR1 is linked to prostate cancer.