The interim analysis results from a phase III randomised multi-centre trial (BRIM-3) [58,59] showed significant improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival with vemurafenib compared to dacarbazine (relative risk reductions of 63% and 74% respectively, p < 0.001), in patients with previously untreated V600E BRAF mutation-positive metastatic melanoma. The gene discussed is BRAF; the disease is metastatic melanoma.