Earlier studies have demonstrated that TWEAK induces NF-κB activation in EC, astrocytes, and neurons, and that either treatment with an Fn14-Fc decoy, or genetic deficiency of Fn14, abrogates cerebral ischemia-induced Iκκβ and p65 phosphorylation in the ischemic brain (24). This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF12A and brain ischemia.