TNF and infection: Adenovirus was recently shown to activate macrophages to express IL-8, leading to a relocalization of basolateral and junctional expressed viral receptors, αvβ3-5 integrins and CAR, respectively, to the apical surface increasing virus binding and internalization.32 We demonstrate that HCV can activate macrophages to express TNF-α; however, the level of secreted TNF-α was insufficient to prime infection and was significantly lower than observed with other TLR agonists.