Since protein aggregation is considered central to IBM pathogenesis, several groups have evaluated immunoreactivity for aggregation-prone proteins [including amyloid-β, amyloid-β precursor protein, phosphorylated neurofilament (SMI-31), ubiquitin, alpha-B crystallin, and TAR-DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43)] in IBM specimens [9-13]. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is inclusion body myositis.