In a clinical study with type 1 diabetic (T1D) humans, MS revealed significant perturbations in the levels of plasma amino acids and amino acid metabolites during insulin deprivation as well as several metabolic pathways like protein synthesis and breakdown, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, amino acid oxidation, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and oxidative stress are also perturbed[29]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.