CAV1 and heart failure: Several myocardial pathologies have been shown to be associated with alterations in Cav expression: Cav-1 and Cav-3 levels are elevated in pressure-overloaded and failing hearts [43,44], whereas reduced cardiac Cav-1 and Cav-3 expression has been reported in cases of myocardial infarction [45], cardiac hypertrophy [46], heart failure [47], and chronic hypoxia [48].