JUND and Huntington disease: In an HD-related model of glutamate NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity, lithium 0.5–2 mM (human therapeutic levels are 0.5–1.5 mM/L) for 7 days neuroprotectively downregulated AP-1 DNA binding, antagonizing glutamate-induced activation (phosphorylation) of JNK, p38 kinase, and subsequent AP-1 binding and apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells [106].