Thus, lithium neuroprotectively downregulated AP-1 binding in this glutamate cell model and this accords with lithium’s neuroprotective downregulation of AP-1 binding activity in non-HD models including ethanol fetal toxicity [107], ischemia [108], and carbachol stimulation [109], in stark contrast to lithium’s upregulating effect on AP-1 binding in non-neuropathological models [110–117]. Here, JUND is linked to Huntington disease.