AKT1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: CA was also found to induce apoptosis of 3T3-L1preadipocytes through ROS-mediated phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signalling pathways, a mechanism that may explain the traditional use of chicoric acid containing plants in obesity [25].