As shown in Figure 5B, an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL6, IL10 and TGFβ) was detected in the presence of both HD-MSCs and ALL-MSCs, as compared with PHA-stimulated PBMC cultures; on the contrary, a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors (GM-CSF, IL2 and IFNγ) was found in supernatants collected from co-cultures of PHA-stimulated PBMCs with HD-MSCs and ALL-MSCs. Here, CSF2 is linked to acute lymphoblastic leukemia.